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Nine Major Trading Cycles - Key Points for Internal Control and Internal Audit

Meaning of Internal Control:

Internal control is a set of management systems designed by enterprises to achieve their objectives.

Standard Operating Procedures:

The BPR (Business Process Reengineering) method is used for enterprise management process planning: rationalization → institutionalization → standardization, followed by the implementation of an ERP system for automation and intelligence.

Real-time Abnormal Reporting:

iTEC ERP system provides real-time and proactive reporting of abnormalities and offers an internal control and internal audit management platform for managers to track and manage. By incorporating PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) in each operational process, companies can foresee abnormal occurrences, trace and analyze the causes of issues, and access the necessary data for problem resolution.

An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.

Using ERP systems to enhance key problem-solving capabilities in business management, from preventive measures at the source, and early warning before occurrences, to crisis management, significantly improves the competitiveness of the enterprise.

Benefits of the Nine Major Trading Cycles

Ensure the smooth operation of internal processes.

Ensure the smooth operation of internal processes.

Reduce human errors and fraudulence.

Reduce human errors and fraudulence.

Ensure the reliability and integrity of company information.

Ensure the reliability and integrity of company information.

Identify and address critical issues efficiently

Identify and address critical issues efficiently.

Assisting in self-auditing of routine tasks, proactively identifying and addressing issues, and reducing failure costs.

Assisting in self-auditing of routine tasks, proactively identifying and addressing issues, and reducing failure costs.

Ensure compliance with policies, plans, procedures, laws, and regulations.

Ensure compliance with policies, plans, procedures, laws, and regulations.

Ensuring the smooth implementation of all operations or projects, safeguarding assets, and improving the efficiency of resource utilization.

Ensuring the smooth implementation of all operations or projects, safeguarding assets, and improving the efficiency of resource utilization.

Promoting effective organizational operations, enhancing performance, improving the efficiency of resource utilization, and balancing profitability and risk prevention.

Promoting effective organizational operations, enhancing performance, improving the efficiency of resource utilization, and balancing profitability and risk prevention.

Manager's Internal Control and Internal Audit Platform
Manager's Internal Control and Internal Audit Platform
Business Process Reengineering (BPR) Project Management Checklist
Business Process Reengineering (BPR) Project Management Checklist
The Nine Major Cycle Framework Diagram
The Nine Major Cycle Framework Diagram
Customer long-term inactivity cycle
What practical problems are encountered?
  1. Not knowing that customers have been lost for a long time.
  2. Not aware that customers are slowly drifting away and placing orders with others.
  3. Failing to notice the recent decrease in customer order frequency (reduced sales).
  4. Lacking the ability to alert when a customer's credit limit has been exceeded.
Solution:
  • Provide a management platform to assist all roles in self-auditing routine tasks, helping users or managers to proactively identify and understand issues, avoid problems, and reduce the occurrence of failures.
  • As they say, the devil is in the details. Anomalies can be discovered, and critical issues can be identified from the workflow for real-time handling and prevention of problems through the platform.
  • Proactively provide customers with a service platform to generate added value for the enterprise and enhance customer satisfaction.
  • Based on customer transaction amounts and transaction documents, big data can be audited periodically, and control points can be set with automated system reminders.
  • Establish business goals (forecast sales) and focus on achieving these objectives, keeping track of customer ordering status and post-sales service quality in real-time, with the ultimate goal of improving customer satisfaction.
The cycle of unfulfilled orders
What problems are encountered in practice?
  1. Do you know if there are overdue delivery orders?
  2. Do you know which bottleneck process causes delays in the production progress of customer orders?
  3. Do you know what products need to be delivered in the coming week?
  4. Do you know if the delivery amounts are delayed?
  5. Do you know if there are any discrepancies in the unit price compared to previous transactions?
Solution
  • Provide a management platform to assist all roles in self-auditing routine tasks, helping users or managers to identify and grasp problems in advance, thereby avoiding issues and reducing the cost of failures.
  • As the devil is in the details, anomalies can be discovered, and critical issues can be identified from the workflow for real-time handling and problem prevention through the platform.
  • Based on customer orders, conduct regular audits of the product details for "overdue orders" and "orders to be delivered in one week or more in the future."
    For "overdue backorders": proactively address past issues of overdue deliveries, resolve them, reschedule the expected delivery dates, and develop new production schedules to meet customer demands.
    For "orders to be delivered in one week or more in the future": supervise and monitor potential delays in advance, proactively address issues, and explore alternative solutions to ensure order fulfillment and maintain customer satisfaction, enhancing the company's management and competitive capabilities.
  • Establish order objectives, with a focus on achieving these objectives in business management, and stay informed about business conditions. This allows for quick and accurate adjustments to order scheduling based on customer demands, ensuring the most accurate and timely production delivery. An Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) system can automatically adjust production schedules and notify relevant departments of changes in procurement, work orders, and more.
Benefits of auditing the unfulfilled orders
✅Improve order fulfillment rates.
✅Increase order acceptance rates.
✅Reduce inventory levels.
✅Lower the cost of failures.
The cycle of unprocessed procurement
What problems are encountered in practice?
  1. Do you know if there are overdue delivery orders?
  2. Do you know how delayed deliveries from suppliers can affect customer orders?
  3. Can you quickly find out what products need to be procured in the coming week?
  4. Do you know if there are any delayed procurement amounts?
  5. Do you know if there are any discrepancies in the procurement unit price compared to previous transactions?
Solution
  • Provide a management platform to assist all roles in self-auditing routine tasks, helping users or managers to identify and grasp problems in advance, thereby avoiding issues and reducing the cost of failures.
  • As the devil is in the details, anomalies can be discovered, and critical issues can be identified from the workflow for real-time handling and problem prevention through the platform.
  • Based on the production schedule provided by the production management department, regular audits and controls can be performed on documents that should be procured but have not been ordered. This prevents oversights that could lead to improper management, on-site production stoppage due to material shortages, and ultimately failure to deliver orders on time, resulting in customer complaints and decreased satisfaction, which can negatively impact the company's image.
  • Based on formal orders from customers, the platform can forecast raw material supply and capacity needs in advance, especially for long lead time raw materials, common raw materials, or semi-finished products. This allows for better planning, shortens production lead times, reduces inventory levels, and establishes a sound working platform. Regular audits or automatic reminders by the system can be used to focus on managing overlooked demand estimates.
  • Establish procurement objectives, with a focus on achieving the target rate in management, and keep track of target achievement status at any time. This enables the company to quickly adjust schedules based on actual order volumes and past transaction history, updating procurement and production policies accordingly.
Benefits of auditing the cycle of unprocessed procurement
✅Improve procurement fulfillment rate.
✅Reduce failure costs.
✅Lower shortage rate.
✅Reduce inventory levels.
The cycle of unprocessed purchase orders and purchase requisitions
What problems are encountered in practice?
  1. Do you know that customer orders have been received for several days, but the demand has not been transferred to the production management unit?
  2. Do you know that purchase requisitions have been open for several days, but the procurement process has not been initiated?
  3. Do you know that purchase requisitions have exceeded the required date, but no procurement has been made?
  4. Do you know that purchase requisitions are currently being processed (under negotiation), but no purchase orders have been generated yet?
Solution for the cycle of unprocessed purchase orders
  • Provide a management platform to assist all roles in self-auditing routine tasks, helping users or managers to identify and grasp problems in advance, thereby avoiding issues and reducing the cost of failures.
  • As the devil is in the details, anomalies can be discovered, and key issues can be identified from the workflow for real-time handling and problem prevention through the platform.
  • Based on formal orders received from customers, the platform can forecast raw material supply and capacity needs in advance, especially for long lead-time raw materials, common raw materials, or common semi-finished products. This facilitates better planning, shortens production lead times, reduces inventory levels, and establishes a sound working platform. Regular audits or automatic reminders by the system can be used to focus on managing overlooked demand estimates.
  • Establish production objectives, with a focus on achieving target rates in management, and keep track of target achievement status at any time. This allows the company to adjust scheduling quickly based on actual order volumes and transaction history, updating procurement and production policies accordingly.
Solution for the cycle of unprocessed purchase requisitions
  • Provide a management platform to assist all roles in self-auditing routine tasks, helping users or managers to identify and grasp problems in advance, thereby avoiding issues and reducing the cost of failures.
  • As the devil is in the details, anomalies can be discovered, and key issues can be identified from the workflow for real-time handling and problem prevention through the platform.
  • Based on the production schedule provided by the production management department, regular audits and controls can be performed on documents that should be procured but have not been ordered. This prevents oversights that could lead to improper management, on-site production stoppage due to material shortages, and ultimately failure to deliver orders on time, resulting in customer complaints and decreased satisfaction, which can negatively impact the company's image.
  • Based on formal orders received from customers, the platform can forecast raw material supply and capacity needs in advance, especially for long lead-time raw materials, common raw materials, or common semi-finished products. This facilitates better planning, shortens production lead times, reduces inventory levels, and establishes a sound working platform. Regular audits or automatic reminders by the system can be used to focus on managing overlooked demand estimates.
  • Establish procurement objectives, with a focus on achieving target rates in management, and keep track of target achievement status at any time. This enables the company to adjust procurement policies based on actual order volumes and transaction history.
The cycle of unscheduled demands
What problems are encountered in practice?
  1. The sales department has submitted demands for several days, but the production management department has not initiated scheduling.
  2. The production management department has started scheduling, but no documents have been generated.
Solution
  • Provide a management platform to assist all roles in self-auditing routine tasks, helping users or managers to identify and grasp problems in advance, thereby avoiding issues and reducing the cost of failures.
  • As the devil is in the details, anomalies can be discovered, and key issues can be identified from the workflow for real-time handling and problem prevention through the platform.
  • Based on formal orders received from customers, the platform can forecast raw material supply and capacity needs in advance, especially for long lead-time raw materials, common raw materials, or common semi-finished products. This facilitates better planning, shortens production lead times, reduces inventory levels, and establishes a sound working platform. Regular audits or automatic reminders by the system can be used to focus on managing overlooked demand estimates.
  • Establish production objectives, with a focus on achieving target rates in management, and keep track of target achievement status at any time. This allows the company to adjust scheduling quickly based on actual order volumes and transaction history, updating procurement and production policies accordingly.
The cycle of unfinished work orders
What problems are encountered in practice?
  1. Do you know how many work orders are pending for production?
  2. Do you know how many work orders have been delayed in starting production?
  3. Do you know how many work orders have been delayed in completion?
  4. Do you know the number of unfinished work orders and how much capacity is needed to complete them?
  5. Do you know how many defective products are currently in production?
Solution
  • Provide a management platform to assist all roles in self-auditing routine tasks, helping users or managers to identify and grasp problems in advance, thereby avoiding issues and reducing the cost of failures.
  • As the devil is in the details, anomalies can be discovered, and key issues can be identified from the workflow for real-time handling and problem prevention through the platform.
  • Based on the MPS (Master Production Schedule) scheduling, conduct audits, controls, and supervision of work order progress, divided into "Overdue Unfinished Work Orders" and "Unfinished Work Orders for the Next Week or Month."  "Overdue Unfinished Work Orders": Proactively review and resolve past issues with overdue unfinished work orders, such as rescheduling new estimated delivery dates and developing new production schedules to meet customer demands.  "Unfinished Work Orders for the Next Week or Month": Conduct inspections and supervision to prevent potential delays. Identify alternative solutions in advance to achieve goals, ensuring order fulfillment and maintaining customer satisfaction, thereby enhancing the competitive advantage of the company's management.
  • Establish production objectives, with a focus on achieving target rates in management, and keep track of target achievement status at any time. This enables production to quickly and accurately adjust order schedules, ensuring rapid, precise, and timely delivery to meet customer demands. The APS (Advanced Planning and Scheduling) system can automatically adjust production schedules and notify relevant units through the sales and operations planning platform, including changes in procurement schedules and work order modifications.
Benefits of auditing the cycle of unfinished work orders
✅Improve production efficiency.
✅Increase order fulfillment rate.
✅Reduce material shortages.
✅Lower inventory levels.
✅Decrease failure costs.
The cycle of material shortages
What problems are encountered in practice?
  1. Do you know which production units will be affected when the production schedule has locked in material shortages within one week?
  2. Do you know that insufficient material preparation in the warehouse can cause production downtime?
  3. Do you know that insufficient production or high defect rates in previous processes can lead to material shortages?
  4. Do you know that discrepancies in inventory records can result in material shortages?
  5. Do you know that inaccurate scheduling can lead to inaccurate material preparation?
Solution
  • Provide a management platform to assist all roles in self-auditing routine tasks, helping users or managers to identify and grasp problems in advance, thereby avoiding issues and reducing the cost of failures.
  • As the devil is in the details, anomalies can be discovered, and key issues can be identified from the workflow for real-time handling and problem prevention through the platform.
  • Based on the optimized production scheduling planned by APS (Advanced Planning and Scheduling) for finite capacity, this audit covers locked-in schedules for the next week and two weeks. It tracks and controls the preparation of materials for an upcoming production that has not been fully ready yet.  If future production faces shortages, it is possible to predict the timing and quantity of shortages in advance and prepare countermeasures to prevent shortages and avoid production downtime due to insufficient materials. The platform provides systematic management methods to achieve predictive forecasting of material shortages and reduce management costs by accurately implementing material feeding.
  • Establish production objectives, with a focus on achieving target rates in management, and keep track of the achievement status of material preparation in the warehouse. This allows the company to assess material shortage points and preparation timing in advance and predict the demand for material preparation, thereby improving the on-time rate of warehouse management.
Benefits of auditing the cycle of material shortages
✅Improve scheduling accuracy and order fulfillment rates.
✅Reduce production downtime and increase efficiency.
✅Lower inventory levels.
✅Decrease failure costs.
The cycle of incomplete material requisition and unutilized materials for work orders
What problems are encountered in practice?
  1. The work order schedule is confirmed to go into production, but then it is discovered that some materials are missing.
  2. Work orders are not yet requisitioned, but there is a need to know the current inventory and available quantity in bulk.
  3. After work orders have started, with materials requisitioned and consumed, how much leftover material is still available on-site?
  4. Is it possible to identify instances where the actual material usage exceeds the standard usage in work orders?
Solution
  • Provide a management platform to assist all roles in self-auditing routine tasks, helping users or managers to identify and grasp problems in advance, thereby avoiding issues and reducing the cost of failures.
  • As the devil is in the details, anomalies can be discovered, and key issues can be identified from the workflow for real-time handling and problem prevention through the platform.
  • Based on the optimized production scheduling planned by APS (Advanced Planning and Scheduling) for finite capacity, it can be divided into two phases: "Short-term locked-in scheduling": Ensuring that material preparation meets the production schedule's needs. If shortages are anticipated, the timing and quantity of shortages can be estimated in advance, and scheduling can be pre-controlled to prevent unauthorized changes, floating schedules, and difficulties in accurate material feeding and management. "Medium and long-term scheduling": Predicting future demand and planning for raw materials and capacity estimation to avoid material shortages and insufficient capacity, which could ultimately lead to the inability to meet customer deadlines. The platform provides a systematic management approach for both scenarios.
  • Establish production objectives, with a focus on achieving target rates in management, and keep track of the achievement status: Enable companies to adjust schedules quickly based on actual order volumes and transaction history. This allows for quick updates to production policies and raw material preparation requirements, as well as advanced assessment of material shortage points and preparation timing.
Warehouse Cycle
What problems are encountered in practice?
  1. The production management has already issued the work order but has exceeded the planned start date without starting the production.
  2. The production management has already issued the work order but has exceeded the planned completion date without completing the production.
  3. When outsourcing processing is received in the warehouse, how to audit the unit price and quantity?
  4. After reporting the production output at the work center, the generated transfer or warehouse entry quantity exceeds the work order audit quantity.
Solution
  • Provide a management platform to assist various roles in self-auditing routine work, helping users or managers to identify and grasp problems in advance, avoiding issues, and reducing the occurrence of failure costs.
  • The devil is in the details. Through the platform, abnormal situations can be identified, critical issues can be found in the workflow, and problems can be addressed and prevented in real time.
  • Based on the APS (Advanced Planning and Scheduling) finite capacity planning for optimal production scheduling, this audit focuses on "short-term locked scheduling." When daily or weekly production targets are not achieved, schedulers must decide whether to readjust the schedule. If the goal must be achieved, it may involve increasing production capacity, adjusting procurement policies, or outsourcing to meet customer order deadlines.
  • Through the iTEC ERP nine-cycle platform, systematic management and auditing methods are provided to prevent common production issues, such as low yield rates, low machine utilization rates, low personnel attendance rates, high incoming material defect rates, non-punctual material deliveries, discrepancies in material inventory records, and difficulties in implementing management systems.
  • Set production goals with a focus on achieving targets, and continuously monitor the progress. This allows enterprises to adjust their production policies and material stocking requirements rapidly based on actual order volumes and transaction histories, enabling them to proactively assess material shortages and lead times.
The inventory and sales cycle
What problems are encountered in practice?
  1. Do you know how many suppliers' deliveries entered the warehouse on a given day?
  2. Do you know how many customer orders were shipped from the warehouse on a given day?
  3. Has the unit price and quantity of received products been verified?
  4. Has the unit price and quantity of sold products been verified?
Inventory Cycle Solution
  • Provide a management platform to assist various roles in self-auditing routine work, helping users or managers to identify and grasp problems in advance, avoiding issues, and reducing the occurrence of failure costs.
  • The devil is in the details. Through the platform, abnormal situations can be identified, critical issues can be found in the workflow, and problems can be addressed and prevented in real time.
  • Based on the purchasing scheduling plan, this audit focuses on the "unachieved agreed delivery date." When the production target is not achieved, purchasers must decide whether to readjust the schedule. If the goal must be achieved, they need to implement policies for tracing, urging, and receiving materials to meet the daily production needs. Through the iTEC ERP nine-cycle platform, systematic management and auditing methods are provided to prevent common issues in production, such as low yield rates, low machine utilization rates, low personnel attendance rates, high incoming material defect rates, non-punctual material deliveries, discrepancies in material inventory records, and difficulties in implementing management systems.
  • Key points for auditing purchase orders, which are crucial to company profitability, include "monitoring price fluctuations" that affect product costs, and "checking for over-deliveries" that may lead to excessive inventory and financial difficulties, and ultimately impact profitability.
  • To achieve the procurement goals, achieving the targets becomes a management focus, and the status of achievement should be monitored at all times. Purchasing can use the "new order delivery date" and "actual incoming quantity" to control the delivery rate. This enables the company to quickly adjust the scheduling according to the fluctuations in procurement, update production policies, and estimate the demand for raw materials in advance. It helps in assessing the shortage quantity and preparing the materials on time.
Sales Cycle Solution
  • Provide a management platform to assist various roles in self-auditing routine work, helping users or managers to identify and grasp problems in advance, avoiding issues, and reducing the occurrence of failure costs.
  • The devil is in the details. Through the platform, abnormal situations can be identified, critical issues can be found in the workflow, and problems can be addressed and prevented in real time.
  • Based on the order scheduling plan (shipment plan), this audit focuses on "unachieved agreed delivery date." When the target is not met, salespersons must re-coordinate with customers and adjust the order schedule. Alternatively, if the goal must be achieved, they need to address any production issues to meet the customer's order deadline. Through the iTEC ERP nine-cycle platform, systematic management and auditing methods are provided to prevent common issues in production, such as low yield rates, low machine utilization rates, low personnel attendance rates, high incoming material defect rates, non-punctual material deliveries, discrepancies in material inventory records, and difficulties in implementing management systems.
  • Key points for auditing sales orders, which are crucial to company profitability, include "monitoring price fluctuations" that affect the final profit status of the sales, and "checking for over-deliveries" that may result in loss of profit.
  • To establish the order delivery rate target and prioritize achieving the rate, it is essential to monitor the progress continuously. Sales can utilize the "new order delivery date" and "actual sales quantity" to control the delivery rate. This enables the company to quickly adjust schedules based on fluctuations in sales, update production policies, and estimate the demand for raw materials in advance. By doing so, the company can proactively assess the order delivery rate and enhance its adaptability.
Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable Cycle
What problems are encountered in practice?
  1. Do you know how much the customer's payment is overdue?
  2. Do you know how many days the customer's payment is overdue?
  3. Do you know how much the vendor's payment is overdue?
  4. Do you know how many days the vendor's payment is overdue?
Solution
  • Provide a management platform to assist all roles in self-auditing routine tasks, help users or managers to proactively identify and address issues, avoid problems, and reduce the occurrence of failure costs.
  • The devil is in the details. Through the platform, identify anomalies and key issues in the workflow, handle them promptly, and prevent problems from occurring.
  • Conduct audits and controls based on the accounts receivable and accounts payable due dates, regularly audit overdue payments, and enable the sales and purchasing departments to collect payments to maintain the company's operations.
  • Establish goals for accounts receivable and accounts payable, with achieving these goals as a management priority. Monitor the progress regularly to ensure accurate financial control and prevent financial risks.
Benefits of auditing the accounts receivable and payable cycle
✅Improve procurement delivery rates.
✅Increase production efficiency.
✅Improve product quality from suppliers.
✅Reduce shortage rates.
✅Lower defect rates.
✅Decrease failure costs.
Quality Control Cycle
What problems are encountered in practice?
  1. Do you know if delayed delivery from suppliers affects the production units?
  2. Do you know how many defective incoming materials are from suppliers and whether they will affect product production?
  3. Do you know how much accumulated uninspected incoming materials there are from suppliers?
  4. Do you know if the inspected incoming materials from suppliers have been put into the warehouse yet?
  5. Do you know how many special approval items are there in the incoming materials from suppliers?
Solution
  • Provide a management platform to assist various roles in self-auditing their routine work, helping users or managers to proactively identify and address issues, avoiding problems, and reducing the cost of failures.
  • The devil is in the details. Through the platform, abnormalities are discovered, and key issues are identified in the workflow, allowing for real-time processing and preventive measures.
  • Based on the delivery schedule of purchase orders or subcontracting orders, incoming materials from suppliers must undergo quality control before entering the warehouse to avoid high defect rates in the production process, which could increase the company's management costs. Following the concept of TPS management, incoming materials from suppliers must undergo quality control before entering production. A storefront is established in production to prevent defective items from flowing into the production line. At the same time, information on the incoming materials from suppliers is understood to control the inflow of defective items and the progress of inspection and warehousing through the platform. The iTEC ERP system provides two management points, "Received but uninspected" and "Inspected but not in the warehouse," allowing periodic audits to ensure seamless supply between procurement and production.
  • Set goals for supplier delivery achievement, with a focus on goal attainment. Keep track of the status in real-time to allow warehouse production to receive supply progress quickly, preventing production disruptions, and enabling real-time and transparent information management functions.
Batch Expiry Cycle
What problems are encountered in practice?
  1. After products are received in the warehouse, they must be used within their expiry date. Failure to do so can lead to inventory waste and increased management costs.
  2. Even if there is demand and inventory, products with expired batch numbers cannot be used.
  3. For products with the same specifications but different batch numbers, it is challenging to track their individual expiry dates.
  4. For products with the same specifications but varying remaining validity periods in each batch, it is difficult to know when they will expire.
Solution
  • The system can set up date-based inventory forecasting and develop strategies in advance to avoid inventory expiration and reduce operational losses for the company.
  • To enhance information transparency and real-time control, a subscription-based auditing system is provided. It identifies inventory that is about to expire and automatically distributes relevant information to the concerned personnel based on product classification. This improves inventory turnover, reduces obsolete materials, and prevents inventory from becoming expired.
Change Management Cycle
What problems are encountered in practice?
  1. When the sales unit initiates a product specification change, can the relevant product data for already placed orders be updated synchronously?
  2. When the R&D unit initiates a product specification change, can the relevant product data for already placed orders be updated synchronously?
  3. Changes in data need to be synchronized with supply and demand. Failure to do so can cause excess inventory or material shortages between production management and procurement.
  4. How can big data be used to collect and analyze data on product specification changes to avoid overstocking or obsolete materials, thereby affecting inventory changes?
Solution
  • From receiving orders to production and shipment, businesses often need to carry out Engineering Change Notices (ECN) due to product improvements or customer requests. Such changes may affect purchasing, procurement, work orders, etc., and could result in excess inventory or management process issues. This cycle platform can provide rigorous auditing and detailed statistics.
  • The system offers various perspectives, such as products, raw materials, and customers, to view the frequency and details of changes. By analyzing this data, valuable information is generated, serving as an essential reference for future improvements and the development of new products.